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Relay protection settings include three parts

The three key elements of relay protection settings are Pickup Current, Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM), and Time Setting Multiplier (TSM).1. Pickup Current

Pickup Current is the minimum current at which a relay begins to operate, overcoming the controlling force of the relay coil. It is adjustable through the relay's current setting, often expressed as a percentage of the CT's rated secondary current. Proper selection ensures the relay responds to actual fault conditions while ignoring normal load currents, maintaining system stability and avoiding unnecessary trips ( ).

2. Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)

PSM indicates how many times the actual fault current exceeds the relay's pickup current. It is a critical factor in determining the operating time of inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) relays. The formula is: PSM = Fault Current / Pickup Current A higher PSM results in faster relay operation, which is essential for rapid fault isolation. PSM settings must comply with IEC 60255-151 standards to ensure correct relay performance and coordination with other protective devices ( ).

3. Time Setting Multiplier (TSM)

TSM scales the base operating time derived from the relay's characteristic curve. It allows engineers to adjust the relay's trip time to coordinate with upstream and downstream devices, preventing unnecessary outages. The actual trip time is calculated by multiplying the base time (from the IDMT curve) by the TSM. Proper TSM selection ensures selective and reliable protection across the power system ( ).

Summary

These three elements—Pickup Current, PSM, and TSM—work together to define when and how quickly a relay operates. Correctly setting these parameters ensures reliability, selectivity, and speed in isolating faults, protecting equipment, and maintaining system stability.

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